- 名称：战略过程——概念、情境、案例（DOC 228页）英文
- 类型：企业战略
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- 更新时间：05-02 19:39:32
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《战略过程——概念、情境、案例（DOC 228页）英文》下载简介
Strategyhasbeendefinedinonewaybutusedimplicitlyindifferentways.Mostpeopledefinestrategyasaplan:aconsciouslyintendedcourseofaction.Plansaremadeinadvanceoftheactionstowhichtheyapplyandtheyaredevelopedconsciouslyandpurposefully.Strategycanalsobeaploy:amanoeuvreintendedtooutwitanopponentorcompetitor.Butdefiningstrategyasaplanisnotsufficient;weneedadefinitionthatencompassestheresultingbehaviour.Strategymaybeapattern;astreamofaction.Bythisdefinitionstrategyisconsistencyinbehaviourwhetherornotintended.Eventhoughfewpeoplewoulddefinestrategythiswaymanyseematonetimeoranotheruseitinthisway.Thefourthdefinitionisthatstrategyisapositioni.e.ameansoflocatinganorganizationinwhatorganizationtheoristsliketocallan"environment."Thisdefinitioniscompatiblewithalltheothers;apositionmaybepre-selectedandsoughtthroughaplanoritmaybereachedorfoundthroughapatternofbehaviour.Eventhoughmostpositionaldefinitionsarebasedontheideaofcompetitionthisviewmaybebasedontheachievementofanyviablepositionwhetherornotdirectlycompetitive.StrategyasapositionhasrecentlybeenextendedtoCollectivestrategyi.e.cooperationbetweenorganizations.Finallystrategyisaperspectiveitscontentconsistingnotjustofachosenpositionbutalsoofaningrainedwayofperceivingtheworld.Inthisviewstrategyistotheorganizationwhatpersonalityistotheindividual.Itsuggeststhatstrategyisaconceptthatallstrategiesareabstractionswhichexistonlyinthemindsofinterestedparties.Whatisofkeyimportancehereisthattheperspectiveisshared.
Plansandpatternsmaybeindependent:plansmaygounrealized;patternsmayappearwithoutpreconception.Wherepreviousintentionsarerealizedwehavedeliberatestrategies.Wherepatternsdevelopedintheabsenceofintentionswehaveemergentstrategies.Purelydeliberateorpurelyemergentstrategiesareprobablyrare.Moststrategiesprobablysitonacontinuumbetweenthetwo(frommostdeliberatetomostemergent):
Planned:centrallyformulatedintentionsarepreciselystatedimplementedusingformalcontrolsandtheenvironmentisbenignorcontrollable;
Entrepreneurial:intentionsarethepersonalandunarticulatedvisionofasingleleaderwhopersonallycontrolstheorganizationwhichisinaprotectedenvironmentalniche;
Ideological:intentionsarethecollectivevisionoftheorganization'smemberscontrolledthroughsharednorms;theorganizationisactivevisàvistheenvironment;
Umbrella:organization'smembersmustactwithinboundariesdefinedbyleadershipandstrategiesarepartlydeliberateandpartlyemergentor“deliberatelyemergent”;
Process:leadershipcontrolsprocessofstrategy(e.g.recruitmentstructure)leavesstrategycontenttoothersandstrategiesarepartlydeliberatepartlyemergentordeliberatelyemergent;
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